High performance MEMS scanner

ABSTRACT

A high performance MEMS scanner is disclosed. In some embodiments, scanner mirror has a wide and short aspect ratio that is similar to rotating polygon facets. Long torsion arms allow large rotation angles including 20° zero-to-peak mechanical and greater. Suspensions couple the scan mirror to torsion arms, reducing dynamic mirror deformation by spreading the torque load. “leverage members” at the distal ends of the torsion arms help reduce stress concentrations. Elimination of a mounting frame increases device yield. Heater leads allow for precise trimming of the scanner resonant frequency. A compressive mount holds mounting pads against mounting structures.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit from and incorporates by reference the co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/571,133, entitled MEMS DEVICE HAVING SIMPLIFIED DRIVE, invented by Randall B. Sprague et al., applied for on May 14, 2004, and claims benefit from and incorporates by reference co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/542,896, entitled MEMS SYSTEM ADAPTED TO A LASER PRINTER, invented by Wyatt O. Davis et al., applied for on Feb. 9, 2004.

This application also relates to material in and incorporates by reference the co-pending U.S. Patent Application entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING A MEMS SCANNER, invented by Kelly Linden et al., applicant docket number MVIS 04-03-2, applied for on the same date as this application.

This application also relates to material in and incorporates by reference the co-pending U.S. Patent Application entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SCANNING A BEAM OF LIGHT, invented by Greg Gibson et al., applicant docket number MVIS 04-03-3, applied for on the same date as this application.

This application also relates to material in and incorporates by reference the co-pending U.S. Patent Application entitled MEMS DEVICE HAVING SIMPLIFIED DRIVE, invented by Randall B. Sprague et al., applicant docket number MVIS 03-03, applied for on Nov. 9, 2004.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to microelectromechanical system (MEMS) beam scanners and particularly to their application to high resolution, high pixel rate applications.

BACKGROUND

Beam scanning has become important for a variety of applications including scanned beam displays, bar code scanners, and electrophotographic printers. In prior art beam scanning applications, and especially in high performance applications, rotating polygon scanners have been in common use.

By way of example, the operation of a rotating polygon scanner in a beam scanning system will be described. FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the principal features of a typical rotating polygon-based beam scanning system 101. A laser diode 102 having a wavelength matched to the requirements of the application may optionally be modulated with an image data signal if required. Beam-forming optics 104 produce a laser beam having a desired shape and trajectory. The laser beam is reflected off a rotating polygon mirror 106, and particularly off the facets 108 thereof, individual facets 108 a and 108 b being indexed for clarity. It may be noted that the design of the beam scanning system 101 is such that the reflective surfaces 108 a, 108 b, etc. of the rotating polygon 106 are placed forward of the center of rotation such that the arriving beam sweeps over each mirror surface as the mirror surface is rotated. The beam is deflected across a deflection angle to form a scanned (and optionally, modulated) beam 110.

One difficulty encountered with rotating polygon-based beam scanning systems relates to the rotating polygon itself. Rotating polygon mirrors may suffer from relatively large mass, slow ramp-up to speed, large size, noise, bearing reliability issues, relatively high power consumption, and other shortcomings.

As mentioned above, high speed bar code scanners have typically used rotating polygon mirrors to produce scan rates and resolutions sufficient for throughput-sensitive applications such as in-counter scanning at retail check-out and high-speed package sorting. One example of such a scanner is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,045,046 of Paul 0. Detwiler, entitled FULL COVERAGE BARCODE SCANNER, hereby incorporated by reference. It may be noted that other such examples do not vary the angle of the polygon facets to create parallel scan paths, instead including in the scan path a vertical scan mirror that oscillates about the second axis.

As mentioned above, scanned beam displays also use beam scanners. Various scanned beam display embodiments have been disclosed in the art. One such example includes scanned beam displays such as that described in U. S. Pat. No. 5,467,104 of Furness et al., entitled VIRTUAL RETINAL DISPLAY, which is incorporated herein by reference. Similarly, electrophotographic printers (commonly referred to as “laser printers”), LIDAR systems, rotating laser levels, document scanners, and other beam scanning systems have heretofore made use of rotating polygon beam scanners. To a greater or lesser degree, these and other applications, when embodied using rotating polygon scanners, have suffered from the drawbacks inherent thereto.

In other applications, beam scanner performance may be conveniently characterized as the product of scan angle times mirror size, as a function of scan frequency. According to common usage, the product may be referred to as “theta-D” (ΘD) where theta refers to half the mechanical scan angle and “D” refers to mirror size. Implicit in this terminology is the assumption that static and dynamic deformation of the scan mirror surface remains within acceptable limits, frequently no more than ⅕ of the shortest wavelength of light being deflected (λ/5). Since a larger mirror size enables a smaller diffraction limited beam spot and a larger deflection angle allows a greater field width at a given distance over which to line up a row of spots, ΘD is proportional to the number of spots that may be resolved (e.g. displayed or detected) in a scan line. Frequency, of course, relates to the number of scan lines that may be produced per unit time. Hence, a larger ΘD scanner generally corresponds to higher performance.

According to the prior art, it has proven relatively difficult to achieve high ΘD at high scan frequencies while maintaining sufficient mirror flatness. Dynamic stresses on scan mirrors work against keeping mirrors flat when they are operated at combinations of relatively large scan angle, high frequency, and with a large mirror size.

OVERVIEW

According to one aspect, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) beam scanner is disclosed that attains high performance. In particular, various embodiments are operable with a relatively large ΘD product at relatively high scan frequency, all while maintaining sufficient mirror flatness to meet system requirements.

Another aspect relates a MEMS beam scanner having performance and properties that make it amenable for use in applications that have heretofore been the domain of rotating polygon scanners. The use of such an approach can result in reduced mass and size, faster start-up, reduced noise, higher reliability, and other advantages compared to rotating polygon mirrors.

According to an aspect of the invention, a MEMS beam scanner may be formed with physical and operational attributes; including mirror size, scan angle, scan frequency, and mirror flatness; to be especially well-adapted to replace a rotating polygon mirror in a range of applications. For some applications, a MEMS mirror with extended length transverse the scanning axis can be substituted for a rotating polygon without substantial modifications to existing optical designs.

According to another aspect, a MEMS scanner is formed having torsion arm geometry adaptable to a large scan angle. The torsion arms may be several times longer than the longitudinal dimension of the mirror surface.

According to another aspect, leverage members are formed on the distal end of the torsion arms (away from the scan mirror). The leverage members serve to reduce stress concentrations, enlarge the scan angle, provide connection to laterally-displaced mounting pads, and create a moment arm for driving the scanner from an off-chip actuator.

According to another aspect of the invention, a MEMS scanner is mounted to an actuator assembly using a clamping pressure that holds mounting pads in substantially continuous contact with a linear actuator. When the linear actuator is a piezo-electric actuator stack, for example, this positive pressure maintains compressive force or minimizes tension forces in the piezo-electric actuator stack, thereby improving reliability, robustness, and/or life.

According to another aspect, a heater varies the spring constant of a MEMS torsion arm, thus modifying the resonant frequency of a scanning mirror supported therefrom. The fineness of resonance frequency control thus achieved allows operation of the MEMS scanner close to its resonant frequency. Heating may be accomplished by joule heating of the bulk semiconductive material, such as silicon, within at least portions of the MEMS scanner itself. A doping process optionally creates a charge carrier channel having a graded resistivity vs. depth. Metal layers may be applied to regions of the MEMS scanner to reduce subjacent joule heating within such regions.

According to another aspect, a MEMS scanner may be formed having no outer frame, such as a photolithographically-formed frame. Instead, a plurality of mounting pads may be formed.

According to another aspect, a number of MEMS scanners are formed on a silicon wafer having a plurality of mounting pads. The irregularly shaped devices are formed on a silicon wafer in an interlaced manner with mounting pads overlapping, e.g. intruding into the area of neighboring dies that would heretofore have been occupied by a frame. Devices are almost released from the silicon wafer using a deep etching process such as deep reactive ion etch (DRIE). One or more “lands” or “bridges” maintain connection between the part and the wafer or between adjacent parts to mechanically stabilize the wafer. The bridges are subsequently broken to remove the parts.

According to another aspect, a scanner controller includes provision for maintaining a scanner resonant frequency that matches a system operational frequency. In an exemplary embodiment, this is implemented as a phase difference driven servo control loop.

According to another aspect, a scanner controller includes a heater amplifier for applying a current to a scanner heater.

According to another aspect, a MEMS scanner controller includes a phase servo control loop to lock a scanner phase to a system phase.

According to another aspect, a scanner controller includes one or more servo loops that operate in a pseudo-locked state during a system idle process, thus allowing faster start-up.

According to another aspect, a MEMS scanner controller applies a drive voltage during start-up that is significantly higher than the drive voltage used during operation. The high drive voltage is useful for achieving faster start-up.

Other aspects will become apparent to the reader through reference to the appended brief description of the drawings, detailed description, claims, and figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a beam scanning system with a rotating polygon scanner.

FIG. 2A is a top view of a MEMS scanner made according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2B is a top view of a MEMS scanner made according to another embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a MEMS scanner made according to another embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the dynamic response of the MEMS scanner of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5A is a view of a number of MEMS devices showing how they are arrayed on a silicon wafer during manufacture.

FIG. 5B illustrates an alternative layout of MEMS devices on a wafer.

FIG. 6 is a view of a MEMS mounting clamp.

FIG. 7 is a detailed view of a piezo-electric stack used to form the actuator of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a front perspective view of a MEMS scanner package for use in a beam scanning subsystem.

FIG. 9 includes two additional perspective views of the MEMS scanner package of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a control system for driving a MEMS scanner.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing a start-up method for driving a MEMS scanner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a high performance MEMS scanner 202. MEMS scanner 202 may be used in a variety of applications, including for instance, a high speed, high resolution LBP, a high-speed bar code scanner, a scanned beam display, a LIDAR system, a scanned laser level, and other applications. MEMS scanner 202 is photolithographically formed from single-crystal silicon using bulk micromachining as is known to the art. A scan plate 204 having a mirror surface is coupled to a pair of torsion arms 206 a, 206 b through respective suspensions; the suspensions consisting of suspension beams 208 a, 208 b, suspension center connectors 218 a, 218 b, and suspension outer connectors 216 a, 216 b, 216 c, 216 das indicated. Torsion arms 206 a, 206 b define a rotational axis 210 about which scan plate 204 and suspension beams 208 a, 208 b rotate. As may be appreciated from the teaching of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/571,133, entitled MEMS DEVICE HAVING SIMPLIFIED DRIVE, invented by Randall B. Sprague et al., applied for on May 14, 2004, commonly assigned herewith and herein incorporated by reference, the suspensions help to keep the mirror surface relatively flat, typically within ¼ wavelength, by spreading the torque loads induced by the torsion arms 206 a, 206 b across the surface of the scan plate 204.

Suspension beams 208 are each coupled to scan plate 204 by respective outer (lateral) connectors 216 a, 216 b, 216 c, 216 d and respective axial connectors 218 a, 218 b. Taken together, suspension elements 208 a, 216 a, 216 b, and 218 a form a first suspension coupling between first torsion arm 206 a and scan plate 204. Similarly suspension elements 208 b, 216 c, 216 d, and 218 b form a second suspension coupling between second torsion arm 206 b and scan plate 204.

Torsion arms 206 a, 206 b terminate at respective “leverage members” 212 aand 212 b. Leverage members 212 aand 212 b, in turn connect to respective mounting pads 214 a, 214 band 214c, 214d at respective lateral points as illustrated. Taken together, leverage member 212 aand mounting pads 214 a, 214 bconstitute a first mounting structure for coupling torsion arm 206 a to a support structure (not shown). Similarly, leverage member 212 band mounting pads 214 c, 214 dform a second mounting structure for coupling torsion arm 206 b to a support structure (not shown). In alternative embodiments, mounting structures can take other forms, including for example a pair of rectangular mounting pads, each joined directly to a respective torsion arm, a single frame formed peripheral to the scan plate 204 and torsion arms 206 a, 206 b, or other forms. The exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2A may have certain advantages such as, for example, packing more devices per wafer, having reduced dynamic stress, allowing individual mounting pads to be coupled to actuators, and allowing the mounting pads 214 to “float” relative to one another, thereby reducing residual stresses in the MEMS scanner.

In an alternative embodiment, the leverage members 212 a and 212 b join to a peripheral mounting frame at lateral points, the peripheral frame surrounding the scan plate, torsion arms, and leverage members according to a conventional MEMS arrangement.

Scan plate 204 and the mirror thereon may be formed, for example, to have a lateral extent (in the direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation 210) that is substantially greater than its longitudinal extent (in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation 210). Among other considerations, this may be used advantageously to mimic the facet of a rotating polygon mirror, thus aiding in the use of scanner 202 as a replacement for a rotating polygon scanner in a variety of applications. Alternatively, scan plate 204 may be formed as a lower aspect ratio rectangle, square, circle, ellipse, or other shape as may be appropriate for a given application.

As illustrated in FIG. 2A, MEMS scanner 202 includes two torsion arms 206 a, 206 b, each 18.76 millimeters long (including fillets), terminated on their proximal ends by a 400 micron by 200 micron elliptical fillet at respective suspensions (in particular at suspension beams 208 a, 208 b), and terminated on their distal ends at respective leverage members 212 a, 212 b, again with a 400 micron by 200 micron elliptical fillet. The torsion arms 206 a, 206 b are 384 microns wide. As with the rest of MEMS scanner 202, the torsion arms are etched to a full wafer thickness of 700 microns using DRIE processing. For a given mirror mass, the width, depth, and length of the torsion arms and leverage members may be adjusted to produce alternative resonant scan frequencies and angles.

The suspension beams 208 a, 208 b are 396 microns wide and are slightly bent to make a slightly obtuse angle with respective torsion arms 206 a, 206 b of 91.6 degrees, and extend laterally to an extent equal to the lateral extent of the scan plate 204. Respective suspension center connectors 218 a, 218 b extend from the centerlines of suspension beams 208 a, 208 b to the centerline of the scan plate 204, a distance of 500 microns (including fillets). The center connectors 218 a, 218 b are each 164 microns wide and include 100 micron radius fillets at both ends. Four suspension outer connectors 216 a, 216 b, 216 c, and 216 dextend from the ends of suspension beams 208 a, 208 b to the scan plate 204, one on each end of each suspension beam as indicated. The outer connectors 216 a, 216 b, 216 c, 216 d are each 250 microns wide (laterally) by 400 microns long (longitudinally) and do not have fillets. The respective suspensions thus each include a suspension beam 208, a center suspension connector 218, and two outer suspension connectors 216; and connect the torsion arms 206 a, 206 b to the scan plate 204 in a manner that reduces stress concentrations, spreads the torque load, and reduces dynamic deformation of the scan plate during operation. Alternative suspension configurations are possible and could be implemented by one skilled in the art.

The scan plate of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2A is 6 millimeters by 6 millimeters square.

The leverage members 212 a, 212 b are each 1.8 millimeters long (total lateral dimension inclusive of fillets) by 400 microns wide (longitudinal dimension) and, for the example of FIG. 2A, extend symmetrically from and perpendicular to the axis formed by torsion arms 206 a, 206 b. The outer ends of leverage members 212 a, 212 b connect to four respective mounting pads 214 a, 214 b, 214 c, 214 d with 200 micron radius fillets as shown. The mounting pads are each 5 millimeters square.

Doped channels are formed at 220 a and 220 b and on the mounting pads 214 a, 214 b, 214 c, and 214 d. Metal is deposited on mounting pads 214 a, 214 b, 214 c, and 214 d, supedjacent to the doped channels. Metal is also deposited on the scan plate 204 and extending over center suspension connectors 214 a, 214 b, to points overlapping doped channels 220 a and 220 b. As will be described below, the doped channels form regions of relatively low and graded resistivity that help current to flow between non-metallized regions and the metal layers. The metal, which may be for example gold or aluminum, forms a mirror surface on scan plate 204.

The geometry of the leverage members may be varied considerably. Similarly, mounting pad geometries, including size, shape, and direction of connection with the leverage members connect, may be adjusted to suit application requirements. Additionally, leverage members, mounting pads, and other parts of the MEMS scanner 202 may be formed asymmetrically according to application requirements. For example, as will be seen in conjunction with FIG. 2B, an entire set of two mounting pads, two leverage members and one torsion arm may be deleted.

The geometries of the scan plate 204, suspensions (corresponding to elements 208 a, 216 a, 216 b, 218 a and 208 b, 216 c, 216 d, 218 b, respectively) and torsion arms 206 a and 206 b may similarly be varied considerably. For example, if a 4 millimeter by 4 millimeter scan plate 204 is substituted for the 6 millimeter by 6 millimeter scan plate of FIG. 2A, the torsion arm lengths may be shortened by 12 millimeters each, while maintaining approximately constant resonant frequency and material stress limits. Suspensions may also be varied considerably while maintaining the advantage of reducing scan plate dynamic deformation.

When mounting pads 214 a, 214 b, 214 c, and 214 d(or alternative peripheral frame) are mounted to a housing, periodic application of power to an actuator (not shown) will cause scan plate 204 to periodically rotate back and forth about the axis of rotation 210 defined by torsion arms 206 a, 206 b. For one embodiment, when driven with an appropriate signal (such as a 5 kilohertz (KHz) sine wave varying between about 0 (zero) and 25-30 volts for a four-actuator embodiment) the scan plate 204 responds with a ±20° mechanical scan angle at a frequency of 5 KHz.

At a mechanical scan angle of ±20°, the scanner 202 exhibits a scan angle approximately equivalent to a nine-sided rotating polygon. Other scan angles may be chosen to match other polygon shapes. At a full period scan rate of 5 KHz, scanner 202 produces bidirectional scans (one forward and one reverse scan during each cycle) at a rate of 10 KHz. This is approximately equivalent to a nine-sided polygon mirror rotating at 66,667 RPM. Thus, scanner 202 can achieve the scanning performance of a relatively sophisticated rotating polygon scanner, making it suitable for high speed applications. Alternatively, the scanner may be used to scan unidirectionally, making it approximately equivalent to a 33,333 RPM nine-sided rotating polygon scanner. Unidirectional operation is achieved simply by modulating image data (or capturing image data) only when the mirror is in one of the forward or reverse scan half-cycles. When used bi-directionally, suitable control electronics are used to reverse the data read-out (to the laser or from the detector) during reverse scans.

FIG. 2B illustrates an alternative embodiment of a MEMS scanner 202. A single torsion arm supports a scan plate 204 through a suspension as described in conjunction with FIG. 2A. The scan plate may be rotated around axis 210 by properly controlling the resonant frequencies of various modes and/or by driving the scan plate at or very near its resonant frequency, as will be described below.

FIG. 3 illustrates another alternative embodiment of a MEMS scanner 202. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, the leverage members 212 a and 212 b are formed in a serpentine shape. The distal ends of the leverage members would typically join to mounting pads, as illustrated above, or alternatively to a peripheral frame member. As may be appreciated, the geometry of the leverage members may be altered substantially.

FIG. 4 shows graphs illustrating the dynamic response of the MEMS scanner of FIG. 2A when a periodic drive signal is applied. Curve 402 indicates an amplitude response 404 as a function of periodic drive frequency 406. Curve 408 illustrates scanner vs. drive phase 410 plotted against the same periodic drive frequency axis 406. From inspection of curve 402, one can see a peak in response at about 5 KHz, corresponding to the resonance frequency of the MEMS scanner in the rotation mode. While the size of the peak is plotted on a relative basis, it is, for the exemplary embodiment, sufficiently high to produce a resonant response of ±20° mechanical scan angle at acceptable drive power. For a four-actuator embodiment, a drive waveform approximating a 5 KHz sine wave with amplitude of 0 (zero) to 25-30 volts results in ±20° mechanical scan angle.

The secondary peak at between 65 and 70 KHz corresponds to the resonant behavior of the piezo-electric stack actuators.

Curve 408 illustrates how the phase relationship of the drive signal to the MEMS scanner response inverts at the resonance points. Below 5 KHz, the phase relationship (drive to response) is 0°. Above 5 KHz but below the secondary peak, the phase relationship is −180°. At the primary resonant peak, the phase relationship inverts and passes through −90° (response lagging drive) as indicated. Above the secondary peak, the response of the system drops and the phase response again inverts, passing from −180° below the peak, through −270° (+90°) at the secondary resonance peak, to −360° (0°) at frequencies above the secondary resonance peak. To maximize efficiency, it has been found to be advantageous to operate the MEMS scanner at or very near the primary resonance peak.

For operation at 5 KHz, the resonant frequency of the MEMS scanner is trimmed to be a few hertz above 5 KHz, typically in the range of 5.001 to 5.005 KHz at room temperature. Such trimming may be accomplished using methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,590, entitled FREQUENCY TUNABLE RESONANT SCANNER AND METHOD OF MAKING, commonly assigned herewith and hereby incorporated by reference. It has been found to be advantageous to factory trim the resonant frequency using a method of adding weight to the scan plate in the form of a small quantity of epoxy. Active thermal tuning of the resonant frequency is used to make the resonant frequency substantially 5.000 KHz.

FIG. 5A illustrates a prototypical layout of MEMS scanners 202 a, 202 b, 202 c, 202 d, 202 e, and 202 f on a 100 millimeter silicon wafer 502. As may be seen, the MEMS scanners are densely packed with interdigitated mounting pads and mirrors. One reason for such a layout is to maximize yield per wafer. As may be seen the scan plates of scanners 202 shown in FIG. 5 are formed in a short and wide aspect ratio. p FIG. 5B illustrates an alternative layout of MEMS scanners for fabrication from a 100 millimeter silicon wafer. The dimensions of the scanners, particularly the length of the torsion arms, has been adjusted for more efficient interdigitated packing compared to the layout of FIG. 5A. Larger wafers may also be densely packed with devices.

The term “interdigitated” means that it would not be possible to draw a square around or dice around one semiconductor device without cutting off a portion of one or more neighboring semiconductor devices. That is, one or more neighboring semiconductor devices intrudes into the outline of a geometric shape that could be formed around the semiconductor device using a dicing saw. An etching step such as deep reactive ion etch (DRIE) or other process step is used to almost completely release the scanners from the wafer. The double lines formed around each device indicate the edges of a “moat” formed around the device. Very fine silicon “bridges” may be seen connecting the scanners to the wafer at intervals. To release the scanners, these bridges are simply broken and the scanners popped out. The width of the bridges is set narrow enough to usually avoid propagating a crack across the device.

In an alternative embodiment, a layer of metal is plated, or an insulator wafer is bonded, on the back surface of the silicon wafer prior to DRIE. DRIE is used to etch through the silicon wafer. The layer of metal or insulator may then hold the scanners in the wafer. The metal may be torn to remove the scanners. Alternatively, the metal or the insulator may be etched away to free the parts. In one embodiment, aluminum is used for the metal stabilization layer. In one embodiment, PYREX glass is used for the insulator stabilization layer. When such stabilization layers are used, silicon bridges may be used in combination to hold the shapes in place. Alternatively, the silicon bridges may be eliminated.

FIG. 5A further illustrates an alternate leverage member 212 design wherein the ends of the “T” are offset toward the mirror.

Fabrication of a MEMS scanner 202, according to some embodiments may include the formation of a doped channel or charge carrier layer as described above. Phosphorus-doped silicon wafers having a bulk resistivity of 1-10 ohm-cm are used. The phosphorous-doped silicon wafers are implanted at a dose of 5×10¹⁵ phosphorus 31 atoms/cm² accelerated through 30 KeV at a maximum current of 4 mA. The dose of phosphorus is driven for 45 minutes at 1000° C. The resulting doped channel is heavily doped to a depth of about 0.5 microns forming a graded channel wherein the doping concentration and resultant resistivity vary with depth. For these conditions, the wafer surface has a doping concentration of about 1×10²⁰ phosphorus 31 atoms/cm³, yielding a resistivity of about 0.001 ohm-cm, which falls to the wafer background of about 1×10¹⁵ atoms/cm³ (or 1-10 ohm-cm) at a depth of 0.5 microns.

The doped channel creates a conduit for charge carriers to move from the metal layers into the silicon. As will be described below, current may be applied to the MEMS scanner 202 to create joule heating. For the exemplary embodiment of the scanner of FIG. 2A, for example, mounting pads 214 a, 214 bmay be driven to a positive voltage by a heater amplifier. Heater leads may couple to mounting assemblies and/or to a metallized layer on the mounting pads themselves. According to an exemplary embodiment, current flows along a metal layer that covers mounting pads 214 a, 214 b and moves into the silicon via the doped channels formed subjacent the metal. Current then flows within the silicon through leverage member 212 a and torsion arm 206 a, thus forming localized heating primarily in the torsion arm 206 a. (Because the current flow is split along both arms of leverage member 212 a, there is reduced joule heating within the leverage member.) Where torsion arm 206 a meets doped channel 220 a, current flows from the silicon and up into the metal layer formed overlapping doped channel 220 a. Current flows across center suspension connector 218 a, across the metal of the mirror formed on scan plate 204, and across center suspension connector 218 b, thus avoiding joule heating within those structures. Where the metal layer overlaps doped channel 220 b, current flows down from the metal and into the silicon. Current flows through the torsion arm 206 b and leverage member 212 b, again causing joule heating (primarily within the torsion arm). Current then flows through the doped channels formed on mounting pads 214 c, 214 d, and up into the metal layers formed thereon where it is collected by a second set of heater leads held near ground. As is known to the art, hole movement in the direction indicated or electron movement in the opposite direction may form such current flow.

In some cases, an advantageous aspect of the scanner designs exemplified by FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3, 5A and 5B is that a minimal number of process steps may used in fabrication. The scanners may be formed throughout from a full thickness of silicon wafer with no partial etching to reduce thickness of areas or produce raised ribs. A pattern of metallization corresponding to mirrors is formed on the front of wafer 502. According to one embodiment, gold metallization is used for the mirrors. Back metallization is formed on the back of wafer 502. According to one embodiment, aluminum is used for the back metallization layer. Next, a photoresist pattern corresponding to the semiconductor devices and the non-etched areas therebetween is formed on the front of the wafer, and the exposed areas are deep etched. In one embodiment, DRIE is used to etch vertical walls through the wafer. The back of the wafer is cryogenically cooled during etching and the high thermal conductivity of the aluminum back metallization stops the DRIE etch when it gets to the back surface of the silicon wafer. In some embodiments, the scanner shapes are held in the wafer by the thin aluminum layer bridging the back of the etched outlines. In other embodiments, thin bridges of silicon help to hold the parts in place. The aluminum back metallization is etched away and the photoresist is removed. The scanners are then free or, if silicon bridges are used, may be removed from the wafer and singulated by breaking the bridges across the deep-etched areas. Dicing may be avoided by using deep-etching to release the parts.

FIG. 6 illustrates an actuator arrangement for the MEMS scanner. A pair of commercially-available piezo-electric stacks 602 a and 602 b, set upon a common mounting base 604, support respective mounting pads 214 a, 214 b of MEMS scanner 202 through respective first insulators 606 a, 606 b. From their respective positions, the piezo-electric stacks 602 a, 602 b may be alternately electrically compressed and expanded to produce a periodic rotation of the mounting pads 214 a, 214 b about the axis of rotation 210 defined by torsion arms 206 a, 206 b. Similarly, common mode activation of the piezo-electric stacks 602 a, 602 b may be used to rotate the MEMS scanner 202 about a transverse axis substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the scan plate 204.

To maintain contact between the MEMS scanner 202 and the piezo-electric actuator stacks 602 a, 602 b, respective clamps or pressure assemblies 608 a and 608 b (608 b not shown) press the mounting pads 214 a, 214 b down against the actuator stacks. Clamp 608 b is omitted from FIG. 6 for clarity. As shown, clamps 608 include (starting from the bottom of the assembly and contacting the mounting pad 314) a first pressure plate 610, an optional series disk spring 612, a second pressure plate 614, a second insulator 616, and a third pressure plate 618. In one embodiment, an edge of first pressure plate 601 is extended out from the pressure assembly as shown. As will be explained below, this provides an optional bonding position for a heater wire or lead. Series disk spring 612 is of a commercially available type such as SPRINGMASTERS #D63203 and is selected to have relatively low stiffness but high (>>5 KHz) intrinsic resonant frequency. A series of two springs, a different number of springs, or no springs at all may be used, depending upon application requirements. First and second pressure plates 610 and 614 provide robust surfaces for series disk spring 612 to press against. Second insulator 616 provides for electrical insulation of the MEMS scanner 202. First and second insulators 606, 616 are formed from a material with appropriate density, electrical insulating ability, and compressive strength such as PYREX glass. First and second pressure plates 610, 614 are formed from materials that are suitably electrically conductive and have appropriate physical properties including compressive strength, toughness, and density, such as steel. Third pressure plate 618 provides a mounting surface for second insulator 616 and connects the assembly to a housing (not shown). Third pressure plate 618, preferably formed from steel, includes a bore 620 for receiving a mounting and adjustment screw (not shown). As may be appreciated by those skilled in the art, alternative or modified clamps may be used.

In an alternative embodiment, it has been found that the series disk spring 612 may be omitted from the pressure assemblies 608. Such a modification may offer advantages with respect to assembly ease and cost, but may hurt drive efficiency somewhat.

One or more components of the pressure assemblies 608 may optionally be keyed to a housing or otherwise held in a substantially fixed rotational relationship. This reduces or eliminates torque loads transmitted through the assemblies during adjustment of the mounting and adjustment screw. By substantially reducing or eliminating torque loads through the pressure assemblies 608, substantially zero torque load is applied to the mounting pads 214 of the MEMS scanner during assembly, thus protecting the MEMS scanner 202 from inadvertent changes in resonant frequency and/or scan angle range arising from slight rotation of the mounting pads 214.

FIG. 7 is a view of a piezo stack actuator 602. Such actuators are available form several sources including www.physikinstrumente.de model PICMA 885.10.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are views of a MEMS scanner housing 802 for use in a LBP, bar code scanner, LIDAR, scanned laser level, etc. Two front plates 804 a, 804 b are fastened to a rear housing 806 with mounting screws 808 a, 808 b, 808 c, 808 d. MEMS scanner 202 is held in a cavity therein that allows for an appropriate amount of rotation. Threaded adjustment screw holes 810 a, 810 b, 810 c, and 810 d receive adjustment screws (not shown) that protrude into corresponding adjustment screw receiving bores 620 (shown in FIG. 6). During assembly, adjustment screws are turned to provide an appropriate amount of preload on series disk spring 612 (not shown). Behavior of the MEMS scanner under actuation can be observed through MEMS observation port 812, formed in the top of rear housing 806. The MEMS scanner assembly 802 is secured to the exposure unit of a LBP via mounting tabs 814 a, 814 b formed in housing 806.

The use of clamps 608 to secure the MEMS scanner 202 in housing 802 results in a mount that “floats”, allowing the mounting pads 314 to move a bit with respect to one another. In some embodiments, slight twisting of the clamps 608 during assembly can result in slight in-plane twisting of the mounting pads 214. This can result in undesirable residual stress in the leverage members and/or torsion bars of the MEMS scanner. Such twisting may be reduced or eliminated by running or “burning-in” the mounted scanner for a few hours at reduced scan angle. In an exemplary embodiment, the scanner is run at half amplitude for approximately four hours. The burn-in process can reduce the occurrence of “infant” failures associated with mechanical failure of the leverage members and/or torsion arms. Alternative, reduced twist clamp assembly designs may be substituted to reduce or eliminate the need for scanner assembly burn-in.

The MEMS scanner 202 may be driven by four piezo-electric stacks 602, one subjacent each mounting pad 314 a, 314 b, 314 c, and 314 d. Alternatively, one end of the MEMS scanner may be held in a fixed position, i.e. mounting pads 214 cand 214 d may be clamped against a solid mounting point, and the other end of the MEMS scanner may be driven by piezo-electric actuators, i.e. mounting pads 214 aand 214 b may each be clamped against piezo-electric stacks as shown in FIG. 6. In a third alternative, three of the mounting pads are clamped to a fixed, solid mounting point and one piezo-electric stack actuator is used. Typically, the choice hinges on cost vs. actuator power requirements. As may be appreciated, similar considerations apply to a MEMS scanner design 202 such as are presented in FIGS. 2B or 3.

As indicated above, the MEMS scanner is trimmed to have a resonant frequency within a few hertz of the desired operational frequency. As may be appreciated from curve 402 of FIG. 4, small changes in resonant frequency can result in relatively substantial changes in rotation amplitude (for a given periodic actuation voltage). The inventors have discovered that controlled heating of the MEMS device further trims the resonance frequency, and hence the actuation amplitude, even though in the exemplary embodiment the MEMS scanner has no outer frame. Referring back to FIG. 6, the extended tab on the first pressure plate 610 of clamp 608 a receives a heater wire as does the corresponding pressure plate of clamp 608 b (not shown). Similarly, corresponding pressure plates adjacent mounting pads 214 c and 214 d (also not shown) also receive heater wires. The heater wires may be attached by soldering to the gold plated extended tab of first pressure plate 610, by soldering to metallized silicon bond pad formed, for example on the mounting pads 214, or by other method as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

When both mounting pads or clamps at one end of the MEMS scanner have a heater lead attached, it is preferable to hold such neighboring leads at the same electrical potential to avoid current flow therebetween. In contrast, the heater lead or leads at the opposite end of the MEMS scanner may be driven to a different voltage to create current flow along and through the torsion arms.

In use, the scan amplitude is monitored by sensors and the electric potential between the two ends of scanner 202 (mounting pads 214 a and 214 b forming one such end and mounting pads 214 c and 214 d forming the other end) is adjusted. Resistance of the silicon material itself and the doped channel described above to current flow, and particularly the torsion arms 206 a, 206 b, causes heating. Higher temperatures cause a “softening” of the torsion arms and a corresponding reduction in resonant frequency. Thus, when the resonant frequency is above the periodic drive signal frequency, heating may be increased to raise the temperature of the MEMS scanner, thereby trimming the resonant frequency to match the drive signal frequency. Similarly, when the resonant frequency of the MEMS scanner falls to be below the drive signal frequency, heating may be reduced, thus cooling the device and raising its resonant frequency to match the drive signal frequency. In alternative embodiments, thermal trimming may be used to change the scan amplitude even when, for a given system design, the scanner is not operated precisely at its resonant frequency.

It has been experimentally determined that 0 to 1.5 W of tuning power can provide a resonant frequency tuning range of about 8 Hz. This range may be somewhat lower at higher scanning frequencies and somewhat higher at lower scanning frequencies, presumably as a result of airflow over the scanner providing cooling during operation.

Turning now to FIG. 10, a block diagram showing a control system 1002 for driving a MEMS scanner is shown. For many applications, it is advantageous to precisely control the phase and amplitude of scanning of a MEMS scanner. Scanned beam applications including bar code scanners, laser cameras, scanned beam displays, electrophotographic printers and others, can benefit from precise control of MEMS scanner phase and/or amplitude.

Similarly, precise control of scanner resonant frequency can minimize power consumption, and perhaps even make feasible certain applications, by allowing operation of the scanner at its resonant frequency, rather than somewhat off resonance as has heretofore been typical practice.

The block diagram of a control system 1002 of FIG. 10 includes three overlapping servo loops for driving and controlling a MEMS scanner; an amplitude control servo loop 1004, a phase control servo loop 1006, and a resonance frequency control servo loop 1008, outlined by respective medium, short, and long dashed lines as indicated.

Turning first to the amplitude control loop 1004, low voltage drive signal 1009 is amplified by a high voltage amplifier 1010 produces a periodic high voltage drive signal 1011 that drives one or more actuators, in the form of piezo-electric driver stacks 602, to induce periodic oscillations in a resonant MEMS scan mirror 202. As will be appreciated, alternative actuator technologies, such as magnetic, electrostatic, thermal, and other types of actuators could be substituted for piezo-electric actuators 602.

A variety of technologies can be used to monitor the phase, amplitude, position, and/or speed of MEMS scan mirror 202. In the exemplary embodiment, the light beam deflected by the mirror includes approximately 20% overscan, the edge of the imaging region thus ending at 80% scan. An optical detector 1012, comprising a pair of adjacent sensor areas is positioned with its center point (the center of the region between the sensor areas) at 85% of the scan range. The output from one sensor area is subtracted from the output of the other sensor area by converter 1014. Converter 1014 is a difference and pulse-width-to-voltage converter that outputs a negative voltage proportional to the amount of time the beam is beyond the central 85% of scan range as scan amplitude signal 1016.

A microprocessor 1018 sets an amplitude set point voltage signal 1020 that is added to scan amplitude signal 1016 in adder 1022, to produce raw amplitude error signal 1024. Thus, if the scan amplitude is greater than desired, the absolute magnitude of the negative scan amplitude signal 1016 will be greater than the absolute magnitude of the set point signal 1020, and the raw amplitude error signal 1024 will be a negative number. Conversely, if the scan amplitude is less than desired, the absolute magnitude of the negative scan amplitude signal 1016 will be less than the absolute magnitude of the set point signal 1020, and the raw amplitude error signal 1024 will be a positive number.

Raw amplitude error signal 1024 is fed to proportional integral controller (PIC) 1026. PIC 1026 produces conditioned amplitude error signal 1028. PIC 1026 acts to dampen the system response to fluctuations in scan amplitude. It averages variations in raw amplitude error signal 1024 voltages and acts to control the rate at which changes in amplitude error are fed back to affect the high voltage drive signal, thereby improving stability and performance of the amplitude control servo loop 1004.

Raw drive signal 1030 a periodic, low voltage signal that is the nominal phase-corrected signal for driving the MEMS scanner. Raw drive signal 1030 is received and is multiplied by gain circuit 1032 to produce low voltage drive signal 1009. Thus, if the amplitude of the MEMS scanner 202 is measured to be too low, conditioned amplitude error signal 1028 is a relatively high voltage that, when multiplied by raw drive signal 1030 in gain circuit 1032 produces a relatively large amplitude low voltage drive signal 1009. If the amplitude of the MEMS scanner is measured to be too high, conditioned amplitude error signal 1028 is a relatively low voltage that, when multiplied by raw drive signal 1030 in gain circuit 1032 produces a relatively low amplitude low voltage drive signal 1009. Either case thereby serves to bring the scan amplitude back to a desired value set by the microprocessor 1018 as set point voltage signal 1020.

Phase control servo loop 1006 operates as a phase locked loop. Converter 1014, described above in conjunction with amplitude control servo loop 1004, produces phase mark signal 1034 that is also passed back to the host controller as horizontal synchronization signal 1035. Phase mark signal 1034 is generated from the subtracted detector pair signals using one edge, i.e. one scan direction. Like edges of reference signal 1036 and phase mark signal 1034 are compared by first phase frequency detector 1038. First phase frequency detector 1038 produces periodic spikes on raw phase error signal 1040, the width of the spikes being proportional to phase error, and the sign of the spikes indicating whether the phase mark signal 1034 is early or late with respect to reference signal 1036.

First low pass filter 1042 converts the periodic spikes on raw phase error signal 1040 to a dc voltage as first conditioned phase error signal 1044. First low pass filter 1042 sets first conditioned phase error signal 1044 to a relatively low value if the phase mark 1034 is early relative to reference signal 1036. Conversely, first low pass filter 1042 sets first conditioned phase error signal 1044 to a relatively high value if the phase mark 1034 is late relative to reference signal 1036.

First conditioned phase error signal 1044 is passed to a voltage controlled drive waveform generator 1046. The voltage of first conditioned phase error signal 1044 determines the frequency of the raw drive signal 1030 output by the voltage controlled drive waveform generator 1046.

Thus, if a phase mark signal 1034 is early relative to reference signal 1036, the first phase frequency detector 1038 outputs a negative spike on raw phase error signal 1040, the width of the spike being proportional to the magnitude of the error between the phase mark signal 1034 and the reference signal 1036; a series of negative spikes on raw phase error signal 1040 drives first low pass filter 1042 to output a relatively low voltage on first conditioned phase error signal 1044, the voltage being moderately low if the spike widths on raw phase error signal 1040 are narrow and the voltage being more extreme (lower) if the spike widths are wider; a low voltage on first conditioned phase error signal 1044 causes voltage controlled drive waveform generator 1046 to output a lower frequency raw drive signal 1030, small deviations in phase (moderately low voltage on first conditioned phase error signal 1044) causing moderate decreases in frequency and relatively larger deviations in phase (lower voltage on first conditioned phase error signal 1044) causing larger decreases in frequency; the lower frequency serves to retard the phase of the MEMS mirror, causing phase mark signal 1034 to be output somewhat later, thereby bringing phase mark signal 1034 back into synchronicity with reference signal 1036, and causing a phase lock to reference signal 1036.

If phase mark signal 1034 is late relative to reference signal 1036, the voltage of first conditioned phase error signal 1044 is increased, causing the drive frequency of raw drive signal 1030 to increase, and similarly bringing the phase mark signal 1034 back into synchronicity with reference signal 1036. The time constant of low pass filter 1042 serves to provide damping to the phase servo control system 1006.

Referring now to resonant frequency servo control loop 1008, the relative phases of the drive signal and the scanner response are used to adjust MEMS scanner resonant frequency. As was described above in conjunction with FIG. 4, the MEMS scanner response phase varies with respect to drive phase with frequency as illustrated by curve 408. At the primary spike in scanner amplitude response curve 402, the phase relationship between the drive signal and the scanner response rapidly inverts from in-phase (0°) below the primary resonant peak to −180° out of phase above the primary resonant peak, passing through −90° at the primary resonant peak. Resonant frequency servo control loop 1008 makes use of this change in phase response to keep the resonant response of the MEMS scanner tuned to match the drive frequency.

At its primary peak in resonant response, the MEMS device phase response to a drive signal rapidly shifts from 0° to −180°, passing through −90° at its resonance peak. While this inversion is shown as substantially instantaneous in FIG. 4 (owing to the broad frequency range of the chart), the inversion actually takes place over a few Hertz. Thus, it is desirable to maintain the phase offset between the phase mark signal 1034 and the drive signal 1030 at −90°, indicating operation of the MEMS scanner at its resonance peak.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the temperature dependence of the MEMS scanner resonant frequency is used to advantage. The phase mark signal 1034 is compared to raw drive signal 1030 by second phase frequency detector 1048, which cooperates with second low pass filter 1050 to produce a second conditioned phase error signal 1052. Second phase frequency detector 1048 is set to output a nominal voltage on second conditioned phase error signal when the phase offset between the phase mark signal 1034 and the drive signal 1030 is −90°, increasing the voltage when the relative phase is between −90° and −180°, and decreasing the voltage when the relative phase is between 0° and −90°. The nominal voltage is that voltage appropriate for setting current through the MEMS scanner 202 to make the resonant frequency match the drive frequency. According to an exemplary embodiment and as described above, the MEMS scanner is trimmed during manufacturing to have a primary resonance peak a few hertz above the nominal operating frequency at room temperature. Current is then supplied by the resonance frequency servo control loop 1008 to reduce the resonance frequency of the MEMS scanner 202 to match the drive frequency 1030 as shown.

Switch 1054 is normally closed when the system is in operation (after start-up). Thus the voltage on second conditioned phase error signal 1052 is passed to heater amplifier 1056. When the relative phase between the phase mark signal 1034 and drive signal 1030 is between −90° and −180°, second phase frequency detector 1048 and second low pass filter 1050 cooperate to raise the voltage on second conditioned phase error signal 1052 proportionally to the degree of deviation from −90°. Heater amplifier 1056 is thus driven to set a voltage across MEMS mirror 202 when the phase of the mirror response lags behind the phase of the drive. Such a condition corresponds to the resonant peak of the mirror being higher than the drive frequency.

As was described above, increasing the electrical potential across the semiconductive MEMS scanner 202 leads to increased joule heating within the scanner, thus raising its temperature. Raising the temperature of the MEMS scanner 202 lowers its peak resonance frequency. Thus, when the peak resonance frequency of the MEMS scanner 202 is above the drive signal frequency, its phase tends to lag the phase of the drive signal by somewhat less than 90°, and the resonant frequency servo control loop 1008 causes an increase in temperature of the scanner, bringing the phase difference into the appropriate relationship, and thereby reducing the peak resonance frequency of the MEMS scanner 202 to match the drive signal frequency. Conversely, if the MEMS scanner 202 is heated sufficiently to lower its peak resonance frequency below the drive frequency, its phase tends to lag the drive signal by somewhat more than 90°, and the control loop reduces heater current flow, thus raising the peak resonance frequency a little to make it match the drive frequency until the phase relationship is again −90°. This control loop allows the scanner to be operated substantially at its peak resonant frequency and thus minimizes actuator power requirements.

Returning to FIG. 10, microprocessor 1018 includes communication provision 1058 and includes an ambient temperature sensor 1060. It can also be seen that second conditioned phase error signal 1052 and phase mark signal 1034 are sent to microprocessor 1018 and that control lines 1062 and 1064 connect respectively with switch 1054 and heater amplifier 1056. Many or all of these features are used during system start-up.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing a start-up method used by the system 1002 shown in FIG. 10. When power is on during an idle state corresponding to process 1102, the phase control loop 1006 and resonant frequency control loop 1008 are both run using simulated feedback. The microprocessor 1018 first sets a voltage on line 1044 that is sent to the voltage controlled waveform generator 1046. The raw drive signal line 1032 then serves as input to a converter (not shown) that outputs a simulated phase mark signal 1034 to the first phase frequency detector 1038. The first phase frequency detector 1038 then compares the simulated phase mark signal 1034 to the reference signal 1036, outputting a raw phase error signal 1040 to first low pass filter 1042 that, in turn, sets a voltage on conditioned phase error signal 1044. Thus the phase servo control loop 1006 continues to run independent of MEMS scanner movement and detection.

To run the resonant frequency servo control loop 1008, the microprocessor 1018 reads an ambient temperature from ambient temperature sensor 1060. The temperature sensor value is converted to a digital value that serves as an index to a resonant frequency look-up table (LUT) (not shown). The resultant resonant frequency LUT value drives a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that outputs a synthesized resonant frequency voltage signal 1064 to drive heater amplifier 1056. As during operation, heater amplifier 1056 then sets a voltage across the MEMS scanner 202 and joule heating raises the temperature of the MEMS scanner to a temperature corresponding to the resonant frequency LUT value. In some embodiments, the resonant frequency LUT is derived for each MEMS scanner 202 as a factory calibration step by determining the scanner temperature necessary to trim its resonant frequency to a target operating frequency, for example 5 KHz. In other embodiments, the LUT can be set for a batch of MEMS scanners or for all MEMS scanners. Thus, during the idle state corresponding to process 1102, the resonant frequency servo control loop 1008 is operative to keep MEMS scanner 202 at a nominal operating temperature set to match its resonant frequency to the reference signal 1036 frequency.

As an alternative to sensing ambient temperature, temperature sensor 1060 may be thermally coupled to MEMS scanner 202 and measure its temperature.

While in the power-on idle process 1102, the microprocessor 1018 checks to determine if a start signal is received from the host controller over interface 1058, as indicated by conditional step 1104. As indicated by the “NO” decision, power-on idle process 1102 continues until a start signal is received from the host controller. When a start signal is received, the embedded software proceeds to start-up amplitude control process 1106. Upon entering start-up amplitude control process 1106, microprocessor 1018 sets low voltage drive signal 1009 to drive high voltage amplifier 1010 to produce high voltage drive signal 1011 at a maximum amplitude, thus overdriving the piezo-electric stack actuators 602. Overdriving piezo-electric stack actuators 602 results in very rapid ramp-up of scan amplitude. According to one start-up embodiment, high voltage drive signal 1011 comprises a sine wave at the reference 5 KHz frequency with an amplitude of 0 (zero) to 60 volts. In this embodiment the MEMS scanner is driven to reach approximately 90% of its nominal scan angle in only 20 milliseconds, resulting in faster system start-up than would result from applying the lower nominal steady-state drive voltage of about 0 to 20 volts.

In other embodiments, the high voltage drive signal may be set with even greater amplitude, up to near the dielectric breakdown voltage of the actuators 602. High start-up drive voltages are possible because they are only applied for a relatively short time; too short to exceed the thermal limitations of the actuators.

While in start-up amplitude control process 1106, the system looks for a stable phase mark signal 1034, as indicated by decision process 1108. A stable phase mark signal is determined by monitoring a circuit (not shown) that averages several successive phase marks to determine that they meet amplitude control servo loop 1004 requirements. Once a stable phase mark signal is present, meaning that the MEMS scanner 202 is operating at a relatively constant frequency and with sufficient amplitude that the scanned beam crosses the optical amplitude sensors 1012, the process moves to closed loop amplitude control process 1110, where scanner amplitude is controlled by the amplitude control servo loop 1004. Upon entering closed loop amplitude control process 1110, the PIC 1026 introduces changes to the drive amplitude at a rate consistent with stable operation, as discussed above.

Closed loop amplitude control process 1110 continues while the system waits to ensure system stabilization, indicated by the “wait” process 1112. According to one embodiment, the system waits 100 milliseconds before proceeding to closed loop phase control process 1114, wherein phase mark signal 1034 (produced by converter 1014) is coupled to first phase frequency detector 1038 and the synthesized phase mark signal generated from raw drive signal 1030 is decoupled). Process 1114 locks the MEMS scanner 202 frequency to the reference signal 1036 frequency, thus engaging phase control servo loop 1006 as a phase locked loop, as described above.

While closed loop phase control process 1114 proceeds, the system pauses for a time, for example 30 milliseconds, as indicated by process 1116. After wait process 1116 is completed, the system enters closed loop resonant frequency control process 1118, wherein resonant frequency servo loop 1008 is engaged. Resonant frequency servo loop 1008 is engaged by closing switch 1062 and substantially simultaneously ceasing the output of DAC signal 1064 from the microprocessor 1018. This causes second conditioned phase error signal 1052 to drive heater amplifier 1056 according to the method described above in conjunction with FIG. 10.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the start-up process of FIG. 11 generally results in stable operation of the scanning system within less than two seconds after receiving a start-up command from the host controller.

The preceding overview of the invention, brief description of the drawings, and detailed description describe exemplary embodiments according to the present invention in a manner intended to foster ease of understanding by the reader. Other structures, methods, and equivalents may be within the scope of the invention. As such, the scope of the invention described herein shall be limited only by the claims. 

1. A MEMS scanner; comprising: a scan plate having longitudinal and lateral dimensions; a first torsion arm coupled to the scan plate and extending longitudinally from a proximal to a distal location therefrom, the first torsion arm defining an axis of rotation of the scan plate; a first leverage member coupled to the distal location of the first torsion arm and extending laterally therefrom in opposing directions from an axial location coincident with the first torsion arm to two lateral locations, the lateral locations forming junctions with one or more mounting structures.
 2. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein the first leverage member is substantially straight.
 3. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein the first leverage member is of a serpentine shape.
 4. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein the first leverage member is axially symmetric with respect to the first torsion arm.
 5. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein the first leverage member is axially asymmetric with respect to the first torsion arm.
 6. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein the one or more mounting structures includes two mounting pads, each pad being coupled to a respective lateral location of the first leverage member.
 7. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein the one or more mounting structures includes a mounting frame, the mounting frame being coupled to the lateral locations of the first leverage member.
 8. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein the first torsion arm is the only torsion arm.
 9. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; wherein at least one of the support structures includes a piezo-electric stack actuator.
 10. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; further comprising a mirror formed on a surface of the scan plate.
 11. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; further comprising: a suspension; and wherein the scan plate is coupled to the respective first torsion arm through the suspension, the suspension being operative to spread a dynamic torque load across the scan plate.
 12. The MEMS scanner of claim 1; further comprising: a second torsion arm, coaxial to the first torsion arm, coupled to the scan plate and extending longitudinally from a proximal to a distal location therefrom, the second torsion arm cooperating with the first torsion arm to form the axis of rotation of the scan plate; a second leverage member coupled to the distal location of the second torsion arm and extending laterally therefrom in opposing directions from an axial location coincident with the second torsion arm to two lateral locations, the lateral locations forming junctions with one or more mounting structures.
 13. The MEMS scanner of claim 12; wherein the one or more mounting structures include first, second, third, and fourth mounting pads, each mounting pad coupled to a lateral location of a respective leverage member.
 14. The MEMS scanner of claim 12; wherein the one or more mounting structures includes a mounting frame, the mounting frame being coupled to the lateral locations of the first and second leverage members.
 15. The MEMS scanner of claim 13; further comprising first, second, third, and fourth clamps, each clamp coupled to compressively hold a respective mounting pad against a respective support structure.
 16. The MEMS scanner of claim 15; wherein at least one of the support structures includes a piezo-electric stack actuator.
 17. The MEMS scanner of claim 16; wherein two of the support structures include respective piezo-electric stack actuators and two of the support structures include a substantially immoveable housing.
 18. The MEMS scanner of claim 12; further comprising a mirror formed on a surface of the scan plate.
 19. The MEMS scanner of claim 12; wherein the scan plate, the two torsion arms, and the two leverage members are formed from silicon.
 20. The MEMS scanner of claim 12; further comprising: first and second opposed suspensions; and wherein the scan plate is coupled to the respective first and second torsion arms through the first and second opposed suspensions, the first and second opposed suspensions being operative to spread a dynamic torque load across the scan plate.
 21. The MEMS scanner of claim 12; wherein: the one or more mounting structures include at least two mounting pads, each of the at least two mounting pads being coupled to a respective leverage member.
 22. The MEMS scanner of claim 21; further comprising: at least two conductive leads, each conductive lead being electrically coupled to a respective one of the two or more mounting pads.
 23. The MEMS scanner of claim 22; wherein the at least two conductive leads are operable to apply an electrical potential across the first and second leverage members, the first and second torsion arms, and the scan plate.
 24. The MEMS scanner of claim 22; wherein the at least two conductive leads are operable to apply an electrical potential across the MEMS scanner, the electrical potential being operative to modify a resonant frequency of the MEMS scanner.
 25. The MEMS scanner of claim 12; wherein the length of each torsion arm is greater than about two times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 26. The MEMS scanner of claim 25; wherein the length of each torsion arm is greater than about four times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 27. A MEMS scanner; comprising: a scan plate having a lateral dimension and a longitudinal dimension; first and second opposed torsion arms, each torsion arm coupled to the scan plate and extending longitudinally from a proximal to a distal location therefrom, the first and second torsion arms defining an axis of rotation of the scan plate; and first and second opposed mounting structures, each mounting structure coupled to a distal location of a respective torsion arm; and wherein, each of the first and second torsion arms has a length greater than about four times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 28. The MEMS scanner of claim 27, wherein the first and second opposed mounting structures further include: first and second opposed leverage members, each leverage member coupled to a distal location of a respective torsion arm and extending laterally therefrom in opposing directions from an axial location coincident with a respective torsion arm to two equidistant lateral locations, the equidistant lateral locations forming a junction with one or more mounting structures.
 29. The MEMS scanner of claim 28; wherein the first and second mounting structures include first, second, third, and fourth mounting pads, each mounting pad coupled to an equidistant lateral location of a respective leverage member.
 30. The MEMS scanner of claim 29; further comprising first, second, third, and fourth clamps, each clamp coupled to compressively hold a respective mounting pad against a respective support structure.
 31. The MEMS scanner of claim 30; wherein at least one of the support structures includes a piezo-electric stack actuator.
 32. The MEMS scanner of claim 31; wherein two of the support structures include respective piezo-electric stack actuators and two of the support structures include a substantially immoveable housing.
 33. The MEMS scanner of claim 27; further comprising a mirror formed on a surface of the scan plate.
 34. The MEMS scanner of claim 27; wherein the scan plate, the two torsion arms, and the two leverage members are formed from silicon.
 35. The MEMS scanner of claim 27; further comprising: first and second opposed suspensions; and wherein the scan plate is coupled to the respective first and second torsion arms through the first and second opposed suspensions, the first and second opposed suspensions being operative to spread a dynamic torque load across the scan plate.
 36. The MEMS scanner of claim 27; wherein: the first and second mounting structures each include a leverage member coupled to a respective torsion arm and at two or more mounting pads, each of the two or more mounting pads being coupled to an end of the respective leverage member.
 37. The MEMS scanner of claim 36; further comprising: at least two conductive leads, each conductive lead being electrically coupled to a respective one of the two or more mounting pads.
 38. The MEMS scanner of claim 37; wherein the at least two conductive leads are operable to apply an electrical potential across the first and second leverage members, the first and second torsion arms, and the scan plate.
 39. The MEMS scanner of claim 37; wherein the at least two conductive leads are operable to apply an electrical potential across the MEMS scanner, the electrical potential being operative to modify a resonant frequency of the MEMS scanner.
 40. The MEMS scanner of claim 27; wherein the lateral dimension of the scan plate is greater than about four times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 41. The MEMS scanner of claim 40; wherein the lateral dimension of the scan plate is greater than about eight times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 42. A MEMS scanner; comprising: a scan plate having a lateral dimension and a longitudinal dimension; first and second opposed torsion arms, each torsion arm coupled to the scan plate and extending longitudinally from a proximal to a distal location therefrom, the first and second torsion arms defining an axis of rotation of the scan plate; and first and second opposed mounting structures, each mounting structure coupled to a distal location of a respective torsion arm; and first and second heater leads coupled to respective first and second opposed mounting structures, the heater leads being operable to pass current through the MEMS scanner to produce joule heating in the MEMS scanner.
 43. The MEMS scanner of claim 42; wherein the first and second mounting structures each include: a leverage member, coupled to the distal location of the respective torsion arm and extending laterally therefrom in opposing directions from an axial location coincident with the respective torsion arm to two equidistant lateral points.
 44. The MEMS scanner of claim 43; wherein the first and second mounting structures each includes first and second mounting pads, each mounting pad coupled to the equidistant lateral point of a respective leverage member.
 45. The MEMS scanner of claim 44; further comprising first, second, third, and fourth clamps, each clamp coupled to compressively hold a respective mounting pad against a respective support structure.
 46. The MEMS scanner of claim 44; wherein the first and second heater leads are each electrically coupled to one of the first and second mounting pads coupled to each of the two leverage members.
 47. The MEMS scanner of claim 46; wherein the first and second heater leads are operable to apply an electrical potential across the first and second leverage members, the first and second torsion arms, and the scan plate.
 48. The MEMS scanner of claim 46; wherein the first and second heater leads are operable to apply an electrical potential across the MEMS scanner, the electrical potential being operative to modify a resonant frequency of the MEMS scanner.
 49. The MEMS scanner of claim 45; wherein at least one of the support structures includes a piezo-electric stack actuator.
 50. The MEMS scanner of claim 49; wherein two of the support structures include respective piezo-electric stack actuators and two of the support structures include a substantially immoveable housing.
 51. The MEMS scanner of claim 43; wherein the scan plate, the two torsion arms, and the two leverage members are formed from silicon.
 52. The MEMS scanner of claim 42; further comprising a mirror formed on a surface of the scan plate.
 53. The MEMS scanner of claim 42; further comprising: first and second opposed suspensions; and wherein the scan plate is coupled to the respective first and second torsion arms through the first and second opposed suspensions, the first and second opposed suspensions being operative to spread a dynamic torque load across the scan plate.
 54. The MEMS scanner of claim 42; wherein the lateral dimension of the scan plate is greater than about four times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 55. The MEMS scanner of claim 54; wherein the lateral dimension of the scan plate is greater than about eight times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 56. The MEMS scanner of claim 42; wherein the length of each torsion arm is greater than about four times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 57. The MEMS scanner of claim 56; wherein the length of each torsion arm is greater than about 8 times the longitudinal dimension of the scan plate.
 58. A MEMS scanner; comprising: a scan plate having a lateral dimension and a longitudinal dimension; first and second opposed torsion arms, each torsion arm coupled to the scan plate and extending longitudinally from a proximal to a distal location therefrom, the first and second torsion arms defining an axis of rotation of the scan plate; and first and second opposed mounting structures, each mounting structure coupled to a distal location of a respective torsion arm; and at least two clamps, each clamp coupled to compressively hold a respective mounting structure against a respective support structure.
 59. The MEMS scanner of claim 58; wherein the first and second mounting structures each include: a leverage member, coupled to the distal location of the respective torsion arm and extending laterally therefrom in opposing directions from an axial location coincident with the respective torsion arm to two equidistant lateral points.
 60. The MEMS scanner of claim 59; wherein the first and second mounting structures each includes first and second mounting pads, each mounting pad coupled to the equidistant lateral point of a respective leverage member.
 61. The MEMS scanner of claim 60; wherein the at least two clamps includes first, second, third, and fourth clamps, each clamp coupled to compressively hold the respective mounting pad against the respective support structure.
 62. The MEMS scanner of claim 61; wherein at least one of the support structures includes a piezo-electric stack actuator.
 63. The MEMS scanner of claim 62; wherein two of the support structures include respective piezo-electric stack actuators and two of the support structures include a substantially immoveable housing.
 64. The MEMS scanner of claim 58; further comprising: first and second opposed suspensions; and wherein the scan plate is coupled to the respective first and second torsion arms through the first and second opposed suspensions, the first and second opposed suspensions being operative to spread a dynamic torque load across the scan plate.
 65. The MEMS scanner of claim 58; wherein the scan plate, torsion arms, and mounting structures are composed of a semiconductor.
 66. The MEMS scanner of claim 65; wherein the semiconductor is silicon.
 67. A MEMS scanner; comprising: a first mounting structure; a first torsion arm coupled to the first mounting structure; a scan mirror coupled to the first torsion arm, the scan mirror being operable to rotate to and fro around a scan axis defined by the first torsion arm; a second torsion arm substantially coaxial with the first torsion arm coupled to the scan mirror; and a second mounting structure, separate from the first mounting structure, coupled to the second torsion arm.
 68. The MEMS scanner of claim 67; wherein the first mounting structure, first torsion arm, scan mirror, second torsion arm, and second mounting structure are formed from a single piece of silicon.
 69. The MEMS scanner of claim 68; further comprising a layer of metal on a surface of the scan mirror.
 70. The MEMS scanner of claim 67; wherein the first mounting structure further includes: a first mounting pad; a first connecting arm operably connected at a first end to the first mounting pad and at a second end to the first torsion arm; a second connecting arm operably connected at a first end to the first torsion arm; and a second mounting pad operably connected to a second end of the second connecting arm. 